chars allemands 1918

Planches A4 en couleur à télécharger sur votre ordinateur. The streetcar system was well established in Buffalo by 1918, with over 415 miles of track laid within the city and the suburbs. The car men agreed to the deal outdoors, of course, at the Buffalo Baseball Park. Compared to the rest of the world, the U.S. got off comparatively easy: perhaps as many as a third of the world’s 1.8 billion people contracted the disease—and somewhere between 50 and 100 million of them died. La guerre des tranchées s'achève sur le front occidental. Dès les limitations imposées à la nouvelle armée allemande concernant les armes lourdes par le Traité de Versailles, de jeunes officiers pensaient déjà à une nouvelle dimension du comb… A third wave of influenza would hit the United States during the winter and spring of 1919, including over 700 cases reported in New York City (with 67 deaths), but this wave would falter with the coming of summer. Their housing was frequently haphazard, crowded and unavoidably filthy. At about the same time, U.S. L’Infanterie Belge. This works out to a morbidity rate of about 6 percent, far less than the ten percent national average. Unlike today, when the Center for Disease Control (CDC) operates a sophisticated disease surveillance system with broad-ranging powers to impose public health measures on communities, in 1918 public health was largely the domain of localities. Le char de combat allemand A7V fut construit en 1917 à la suite de la présence sur le front du premier tank anglais le Mark 1. La bataille d'Amiens ou bataille de Montdidier est une bataille de la Première Guerre mondiale qui eut lieu du 8 au 11 août 1918, pendant la 3 e bataille de Picardie sur le front occidental, en France. By the end of the month, nearly one-quarter of the camp had been struck down, with 14,000 cases reported, including over 750 fatalities. These entities were responsible for tracking disease, implementing public health measures and keeping the public informed of both. Private Arthur Poole succumbed to the disease at Camp Custer in Michigan before he could test his bravery against the Kaiser’s guns. As a result, Mayor Buck issued an edict on October 10 closing churches, theaters, schools and “places of public assemblage,” effective 5 a.m. on Friday, October 11. Le premier char allemand - Sturmpanzerwagen A7V illustré (vidéo). For the first time, a note of concern was sounded by a member of the executive branch. A7V no 542 Elfriede capturé par les troupes françaises le 24 avril 1918 à Villers-Bretonneux. (Agrandir la photo) 2 / 16. Throughout much of the following week the drumbeat of death notices continued, but the Buffalo newspapers did not run any follow-up on Gram’s “investigations” into the cases of the flu or on his plan for combatting it. 30 Novembre 2016, Rédigé par BERNIE 54 Publié dans #allemands, #champ de bataille, #char, #centenaire, #WW1, #combats, #tranchées - Bonjour a toutes et tous . Exactly why this strain was so fatal continue to be debated. Le Sturmpanzerwagen A7V (véhicule d'assaut blindé) fut le seul char d'assaut développé et déployé par l'armée allemande durant la Première Guerre mondiale. Of course, it could also be that Buffalo had an additional reason for forgetting, in that the comparatively strict quarantine served its purpose. Mais, si l'on en croit les mémoires de Ludendorff, cet exercice ne fit pas grande impression…. These immigrants arrived at the very bottom of a social structure that lacked any of the safety nets we have today. Char allemand A7V Sturmpanzer 32 tonnes. The flu created thousands of orphans, rearranged countless families and, of course, ended the lives of 2,388 Buffalonians, 61,700 New Yorkers, 675,000 Americans and at least 50 million worldwide. We examine the environmental efforts of this unassuming Buffalo jeweler to reclaim the waterfront of the city he loved. A bustling downtown Buffalo—complete with shops, schools, theaters, saloons and streetcars—presented, like many other urban centers nationwide, ideal conditions for the flu to spread. According to a 1919 report, of the city’s 475,000 residents, a total of 28,398 were sickened. Le 15 septembre 1916 est une date clé dans l'histoire de la Première Guerre mondiale. Wölfersheim-Berstadt: Podzun-Pallas-Verlag GmbH. Fabriqués par les Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerrannée (F.C.M), la commande fut résiliée à l'armistice et seuls 10 exemplaires furent livrés. This meant that doctors were not required to report cases to the local health authorities. Armour in Profile. On vit donc pour la première fois des chars … Le 501 e régiment de chars de combat est une unité de chars, créée le 13 mai 1918, qui s'est illustrée durant les deux conflits mondiaux, la guerre d'Indochine et la guerre d'Algérie. Aujourd'hui ne subsiste qu'un seul A7V d'origine, le Mephisto, récupéré le 22 juillet 1918 par des troupes britanniques et australiennes, remorqué par deux chars britanniques, après son abandon à la suite d'une panne trois mois plus tôt. With America’s entry into the First World War, the following May saw thousands of U.S. soldiers cross the Atlantic for service in Europe. Si les exhalaisons de crottin s'accrochent aux basques des soldats qui partent en 1914, ce sont bien des effluves de pétrole qui accompagnent en 1918 les troupes qui remontent vers le Rhin. Après les victoires allemandes du printemps, elle fut le prolongement de la seconde bataille de la Marne qui marqua, en juillet, le renversement décisif de la guerre sur le front ouest. The predominantly Irish immigrants who had scooped the laker’s holds into the silos along the waterfront gave way to the new wave of immigrants in Buffalo. lire plus. This, along with what proved to be a fortuitous trolley car strike during the worst of the epidemic, allowed Buffalo to escape with a relatively light outbreak. Mortality on this scale is beyond recent human experience. Son plus célèbre récipiendaire est le général SS Sepp Dietrich. Les Chars allemands. In fact, within the four-week period of September, virtually everywhere in the continental U.S. was grappling with the deadly disease. In March of 1918 over 100 soldiers at the camp had contracted influenza and that number would greatly multiply in only a short period. A scene from the influenza pandemic that claimed the lives of 675,000 Americans and over 2,000 Buffalonians. Dès octobre 1917, deux Abteilungen (« unités ») de A7V furent constituées, suivies par une troisième au mois de décembre. 10 Novembre 2020, Rédigé par BERNIE 54 Publié dans #1914-1918, #BOYAUX, #FORTS, #Photographies, #Poilus, #TRANCHEES, #Verdun, #allemands, #americains, Bernard célèbre le 11 novembre en nous présentant ses dioramas consacrés à la grande guerre Many in today’s world of antibiotics and advanced science fail to grasp just how deadly the flu was a century ago, leading to one of its many names: America’s Forgotten Pandemic. The epidemic peaked in Buffalo between October 13, with 1,882 cases reported, and October 19, when 119 people died in one 24-hour period. Salle Allemande Le 18 juillet 1918 à Villers-Cotterêts dans l'Aisne, 300 chars Renault appuyés par 600 avions, mettent en déroute neuf divisions allemandes. Presumably, this was somewhat shocking to readers—something akin to our modern reaction to images of space-suit-clad doctors caring for Ebola patients in Liberia—but no doubt it was also meant to be instructive. Char allemand à Villers-Bretonneux, le 24 avril 1918 La présence des chars allemands surprit les Britanniques qui se replièrent sur leur deuxième ligne. Buffalo acting Health Commissioner, Dr. F.C. Public funerals were specifically banned. Opposant presque tous les états d'Europe, ce conflit fut le résultat d'un nationalisme et d'un militarisme exacerbés au début du XXe siècle. On peut y lire, en trois langues : » Ici le 24 avril 1918 eut lieu le premier combat mondial entre tanks allemands et … La Première Guerre mondiale (la Grande Guerre) fut un conflit militaire majeur qui eut lieu de 1914 à 1918. 23 mai 2019. The pandemic’s death toll exceeded the number of people killed in World War I. Mais rien ne se passera comme prévu… Chronique des derniers mois qui ont tout fait basculer. Dr. Gram sounded a cautious note, suggesting that his agency was running down the people possibly infected and that there were effective preventative measures available. Les uniformes des équipages de chars allemands de la période 1940 à 1945... Rien de plus complexe en matière de couleur, que les uniformes allemands de la seconde guerre mondiale, tout dépend en plus où l'on veux situer les soldats, et à quelle période du conflit. The quarantine was officially lifted at 5 a.m. on November 1, although churches were allowed to hold services (with parishioners included this time) at noon the day before. Every large city had a board of health and most states had something similar. Le 27 mai 1918, à la suite d’un bombardement inouï alimenté par 1 158 batteries, les Allemands s’élancent à l’assaut du Chemin des Dames et atteignent le jour même la vallée de l’Aisne. Le char FCM 2 C: Ces chars lourds, dits de ruptures, furent commandés à 300 exemplaires en 1918 pour appuyer l'offensive décisive en Allemagne, que le maréchal Foch pensait ne pouvoir déclencher qu'en 1919. Le Sturmpanzerwagen A7V (véhicule d'assaut blindé) fut le seul char d'assaut développé et déployé par l'armée allemande durant la Première Guerre mondiale. Thousands of Buffalonians died of the disease or its complications, a 31.4% increase over the previous year. A Daladier qui s'en inquiétait, le général Gamelin aurait répondu: "C'est ce qu'on appelle un bulletin de renseignements de couverture, pour le cas où l'affaire tournerait mal". Source : La Contemporaine, « Albums Valois », « Tanks britanniques capturés par les Allemands »,1918 Un char « lourd » (29t) : dépendance vis-à-vis du Forty, George (1995). On October 3, a photograph of nurses wearing gauze masks prepared to treat soldiers and sailors in a military hospital in Boston appeared in the newspapers. In March of that year, more than 100 soldiers at Fort Riley, KS, had contracted the disease and that number would skyrocket in the next week. Le haut commandement allemand ne croyant pas à l'utilité du char d'assaut, sa fabrication ne fut pas prioritaire : il y eut plus de chars britanniques capturés dits Beutepanzer et utilisés par les forces allemandes que d'A7V, qui ne fut produit qu'à 20 exemplaires. ... 1915-1918 » est disponible sur le site imagesdesoldats.fr. Le haut commandement allemand ne croyant pas à l'utilité du char d'assaut, sa fabrication ne fut pas prioritaire : il y eut plus de chars britanniques ou français capturés dits Beutepanzer et utilisés par les forces allemandes … Password must be at least 8 characters and contain: Doctors and nurses attend to dozens of stricken soldiers at Fort Riley, KS. Le fruit de ces travaux sort des atel… Surgeon General Blue mentioned that 1,040 soldiers and sailors had died, mostly of flu or pneumonia in stateside camps in the last week, up from 172 the week previous. Students were spared making up all of the class time they missed by Superintendent of Schools Ernest C. Hartwell, who added a half hour to each remaining school day and argued that, “Those in charge of making out Regent’s examinations [will have] to make them easier this year.” A small notice, consisting of two sentences, well below the fold on November 8 declared, “Influenza is no longer epidemic in Buffalo.” Three days later, the war ended and the world definitively moved on—or so it would seem. Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». En 4 jours, leur progression de plus de 50 kilomètres les amène à Château-Thierry. The Queen City eventually enacted the whole menu of anti-flu measures. The following day the workers of the International Railway Corporation (IRC) declared a strike after failing to obtain a raise. - que les chars modernes allemands, plus nombreux, se révélèrent souvent inférieurs à leurs homologues français ... la France est entrée dans la guerre en 1939 sous les ordres de généraux toujours aveuglés par la victoire de 1918 et sourds aux avertissements des événements récents. Meanwhile, the funeral home of Ernest Wedekindt advertised, “A Funeral in 24 Hours” and his “$100 burial outfit consist(ing) of grave, hearse, three automobiles, outside box, shroud, casket, crepe gloves, embalming, burial permit and complete attention.”. Of that number, 675,000 died from either the disease itself or one of its sequelae, like pneumonia. Grimly, Gram also reported that 690 new cases had been reported since noon on October 10 and that a further 42 people had succumbed to the disease. We offer this bonus content on Buffalo's Pan Am women to accompany Daniel Moreno's article, "Her Executive Ability: Challenging Gender Norms at the Pan American Exposition" that appeared in the Winter 2021 issue of Western New York Heritage. First, however, he met with Mayor George Buck and the city corporation lawyers the following morning to determine whether or not he had authority to carry out his threat. Not surprisingly perhaps, this patchwork of administrative authority produced a wide variety of responses among U.S. communities, with Buffalo being on the more thorough-going side. In order to comply, they had to hire 35 additional gravediggers. Foss, Christopher F. (2003). (Collection Patrice Lamy) (Agrandir la photo) 3 / 16. This second outbreak was extremely fatal. A second significant military outbreak of the disease was reported in September—this time at Camp Devens near Boston. After more than a century as a social club and organization, the most charming brick on the Broadway block is getting a facelift. The Buffalo Evening News led with a piece describing Buffalo the following morning as “…a community without street cars, theatres, saloons or schools—a situation unique in its history as a city.”. Staplehurst, Kent: Spellmount. Bulletins and posters, like this one from Connecticut, were disseminated in an attempt to educate the population on measures to prevent the spread of influenza. Koch, Fred (1994). Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. Le 15 juillet 1918 sept A7V participèrent à une attaque contre les lignes françaises, sans pertes. © 2021 Western New York Heritage, Inc. - All Rights Reserved | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy, Mister Buffalo River— The Environmental Advocacy of Stan Spisiak, The Great Horse Healer: Dr. John T. Claris - East Buffalo Veterinary Hospital, Women-Led and World-Renowned: The Children’s Hospital of Buffalo, Our Work Is Not Confined: Pan Am Women Beyond the Fair, Another Look: The Historic Colored Musicians Club: Forming the Next Chapter of a National Treasure. Chars allemands ! @#$&*\-_). Surgeon General Rupert Blue issued a series of flu control measures to localities across the country, in an effort to stem the disease’s spread. Certains A7V eurent l'occasion de se mesurer à des chars anglais Mark IV, et subirent quelquefois des dommages : les plaques métalliques de l'A7V cassaient sous les impacts de calibres moyens. Veterinarian, innovator, community leader and vendor of patent medicines, Dr. John Claris saved countless equine lives with his facilities and innovations in horse care. Specialty industries like the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, several car and truck manufacturers and a slew of casting and machining businesses all made important contributions to the world’s first attempt at mechanized war. These factors together led to a well-documented drop off in health, fertility and life expectancy among new immigrants. Naval Barracks on Chenango Street, where 16 sailors fell ill out of the 400 quartered there. Buffalo's rich sports history is shared through stories, photos, and artifacts spanning more than a century. Les chars mis en œuvre en nombre par les Alliés contribuèrent à la défaite finale de l’armée impériale allemande en 1918 . The Encyclopedia of Tanks and Armoured Fighting Vehicles. Le premier exemplaire fut livré le 1er octobre 1917. In this context, Gram first floated the idea that Buffalo may have to submit to a quarantine. Les Allemands, eux, renforcés par les troupes revenues du front de l’Est, pensent prendre l’avantage lors d’ultimes offensives. Le 27 février 1918, une présentation avec tir réel eut lieu devant le Kaiser lui-même. Gram was aware of the danger, as he had made the flu reportable on September 20 and the following day announced that he had devised a plan to fight influenza. Schneider, Wolfgang; Strasheim, Rainer (1990). The first two deaths officially attributed to the flu happened two days later, with a mother and her 12-year-old daughter passing only a day apart of each other. The 1918-1920 influenza pandemic was unlike any other in recent human experience. Foley, John (1967). Simple « boîte » blindée imposante et très peu maniable, inutilisable en terrain mouvementé (sa garde au sol était de seulement 4 cm), l'A7V utilisait en armement principal un canon de capture (le 57 mm Nordenfelt modèle 1888 anglais, utilisé par l'armée belge) en face avant et six mitrailleuses MG 08 en armement secondaire. Juin 1918 : La relance des offensives allemandes. Outdoor church meetings were initially allowed by Dr. Gram and Mayor Buck, but when October 12 dawned cold and rainy, Dr. Gram forbade them, saying that, “If all churches in Buffalo were to hold outdoor services on Sunday, we would have at least 50,000 additional influenza cases by Tuesday and possibly 1,000 more deaths by Thursday.” Interestingly, meetings of the street car union were the one exception to the ban, with the caveat that they be held outdoors. Although the grain transshipment and associated industries that had made Buffalo’s fortune were under threat from the Welland Canal, the city was home to a variety of industries vital to the allied war effort that continued to spur growth. Le 21 octobre les trois unités de A7V ainsi que les unités blindés composées de chars de prise (Beutepanzer) furent transférées en Allemagne, à Erbenheim, où elles furent dissoutes le 17 novembre. Le 16 avril 1917, sous les ordres du chef d’escadrons Bossut, 132 chars Schneider attaquent à Berry-au-Bac. By Tuesday, October 8, the news announced that 122 new cases of the flu had been reported and that a total of 456 cases and 33 fatalities had been reported to Dr. Gram since October 1. He also asked school teachers and factory foremen to report any sick individuals to the City Medical School Examiners. A7V no 506 Mephisto exposé à Brisbane, Australie. Chars allemands de la première guerre mondiale. Great Bookham, Surrey: Profile Publications. Les dernières offensives allemandes du printemps 1918 marquent l'usage majeur de chars de l' Entente, notamment à Soissons et Amiens. That moniker is somewhat misleading, however. Technology was remaking society at a pace unheard of previously in human history. Depuis ses échecs enregistrés dans la Somme et dans l’Oise lors des offensives de mars et d’avril 1918, le haut commandement allemand élabore de nouvelles attaques en vue d’enfoncer le front allié affaibli. German Tanks in WWI – The A7V & Early Tank Development. The Buffalo Enquirer reported influenza at Niagara-on-the-Lake on September 21, where the disease had sickened “over 300 soldiers in training in the Polish division of the cantonment…and is rapidly spreading to other divisions in the same camp.” The following day the first cases were reported in the city—three people with the flu were seen by doctors and those doctors reported the illness to acting Health Commissioner, Dr. F.C. Their work in 1918 was complicated considerably by the war effort and the reluctance of President Woodrow Wilson’s administration to create any public panic that might interfere with the flow of troops and materiel to the front. Ils dureront jusqu’au 25 mai. Mention the flu to any group of people and it is likely that someone will report they had a grandparent, or increasingly, a great-grandparent, who died of the flu. These measures ranged from totally quarantining a community and shutting down all places of entertainment, churches, schools and shops to public bans on spitting and mask requirements. It also eased crowding in downtown, effectively isolating anyone whose business didn’t merit jitney fare or a long walk. That said, Gram did mention that the war and the epidemic already raging in Boston had virtually stripped Buffalo of medical professionals, saying: “I would not know where to get either doctors or nurses in Buffalo in case of emergency, for a majority of them are overseas.”. Dans la région de Villiers-Bretonneux-Cachy, trois chars anglais, un » mâle » et deux » femelle « , se trouvèrent face à face avec deux chars allemands. Il a été inauguré le 18 avril 1998. L’armée allemande fut très en retard en ce domaine et seulement 20 chars A7V, des boîtes blindées peu manœuvrables, furent construits en 1918. Le même Elfriede, sans son armement principal et en compagnie d'officiers français et britanniques. Chars allemands 14-18. With the resumption of streetcar service, the continued decline of flu cases and the subsequent lifting of the quarantine, most of Buffalo’s citizens settled back into the pattern of Liberty Loan drives, newsreels of the war and work. In all, more than 29 million Americans contracted influenza between its first onset in the spring of 1918 and its final wave in Hawaii in 1920. En avril 1918, lors de la seconde bataille de Villers-Bretonneux, trois chars allemands A7V engagèrent trois chars britanniques Mark IV. Il y a 80 ans, le 15 mai 1940, d’intenses combats débutaient dans le village de Stonne (Ardennes, région Grand-Est) entre les chars français et les blindés allemands. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe. From what we now know about epidemiology, it was likely percolating for months earlier than that, seeding itself thoroughly across the countryside, so that when the disease’s death toll finally rose above the “background noise” of normal mortality and was noticed, it did so nearly instantaneously. Unlike a variety of other communicable diseases like yellow fever, typhoid, trachoma and even glanders, influenza was not a “reportable disease” in New York State at the beginning of 1918. When this happens, the body’s response is to send in volumes of antibodies and lymph. 39–47. Thus, those first three sick people in Buffalo had already likely infected dozens more at work, at school, on the trolley or in their crowded apartments. On October 27, the International Railway Corporation gave in to employee demands and raised the men’s pay to 46 and 48 cents an hour, allowing them to turn on the heat in the cars and also to pay some $275,000 in back pay. Dans l'article précédent ont été examinés raisons et prérequis pour la création des charsainsi que les projets des premiers chars anglais au monde et les projets de chars proposés en Russie. En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? The same day, U.S. In fact, the flu was a major cause of mortality in the war. Tank Action from the Great War to the Gulf. These newcomers also had an increased susceptibility to contagious disease. Many, however, required their workers to wear masks and keep windows open while they worked. Bulletins and posters, like this one from Connecticut, were disseminated in an attempt to educate the population on measures to prevent the spread of influenza. Unlike the regular seasonal cases of the flu that struck everyone more or less equally, only killing the very old or young, this flu—which, according to the CDC, was “an H1N1 virus with genes of an avian origin”—struck down a huge number of people, even those in the prime of their lives. With a population of 475,000, Buffalo was the nation’s tenth largest city in 1918. Fin 1914-1915. par Eric Le Maitre | 25 octobre 2020 | Uniformes. Citizens were told to stay home when sick, wear masks, stop spitting in public and stop shaking hands. Fin septembre, le haut commandement est conscient de la défaite imminente de l’Allemagne. The influenza pandemic was a private tragedy that occurred during a time of great and very public tragedy and triumph in the First World War. Evaluations fantaisistes. Le 8 octobre suivant enfin, onze A7V se heurtèrent aux Mark IV du 12e bataillon britannique. As part of his campaign, Gram distributed a bulletin from the U.S. Wehrtechnik und wissenschaftliche Waffenkunde. By 1920, the Chamber of Commerce listed at least eight theaters, providing low-cost entertainment for Buffalonians of all classes as well as a nearly ideal environment for the spread of flu. Il est exposé désormais au Queensland Museum à Brisbane, en Australie. Gram. Hundleby, Maxwell; Strasheim, Rainer (1990). Les premiers chars allemands, les lourds A7V, furent engagés le 21 mars 1918 à la bataille de Saint-Quentin. These stories expose the myth of a forgotten pandemic. In the wake of the opening, a year ago, of the John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, we take a look back at how the institution began—and grew. Comment ajouter mes sources ? - Je continue avec des taches en HUMBROL 160 brun-rouge allemand . Two days later, the flu showed up in the U.S. Buffalo was officially quarantined, although factories continued full production, as did other businesses. Although this spelled disaster for the factories, schools and businesses of Buffalo, as well as the citizens who had to scramble to find alternative means to reach them, it closed a significant vector of infection. Malgré un effectif dix fois supérieur à celui des défenseurs, l'attaque se solda par un échec et sept chars furent détruits. Ce kolossal blindé de 7,35 m de long et 3,30 m de haut, peu maniable arriva trop tard dans la guerre… Les premiers exemplaires semblent avoir participé à des opérations en Mars 1918. Sturmpanzerwagen camouflé, avec son équipage pléthorique. Sous le commandement du général Ludendorff, les Allemands battent en retraite. Le 24 avril trois unités furent engagées à Villers-Bretonneux ou elles se heurtèrent à des Mark IV de la British Army dans ce qui fut le premier affrontement entre chars de combat. The 1918-1920 influenza pandemic was unlike any other in recent human experience. Le 8 août, sur la Somme, six autres divisions connaissent le même sort. This drew the city into one cohesive whole and allowed the spread of disease in crowded streetcars, as well as the rapid movement of disease from one locale to another. All official pronouncements on the flu were muted in an effort to avoid public panic. Le premier exemplaire fut livré le 1er octobre 1917. Chars allemands. They were spreading the disease in ever-widening ripples across the city. The medical officer in charge, Lieutenant Otis Chase, immediately quarantined the sailors and announced that, “I do not believe that the jackies are suffering from the real Spanish influenza…the malady resembles the old fashioned grippe of 20 years ago.” The ever-cautious Gram publicly agreed that it wasn’t the flu. Sur la D168, en direction de Cachy, un petit monument rappelle le premier duel de l’histoire entre chars allemands (A7V) et chars britanniques (Mark IV et Whippets). George Fraley Jr., a scion of high society and a semi-pro golfer, died at the age of 18 before he could enter the class of 1922 at Yale. The Erie County Sheriff had to serve notice on St. Stanislaus to force the church to bury corpses left in the open. The picture was a profile view that clearly showed how to tie a mask. Les Allemands avaient pris du retard sur les Britanniques et les Français, mais ils firent grande impression. The full content is available in the Winter 2019 Issue. Given these realities, it is perhaps unsurprising that the first reported cases of influenza in Buffalo were in the 10th and 15th wards on the East Side, which were heavily populated by immigrants. The changing demographics and industry of Buffalo were only two of the changes rocking the Queen City. Beutepanzer im Ersten Weltkrieg [Captured tanks in the First World War] (in German). Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.

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